a variance envelope has been established on a project. the envelope goes from +-30% in r&d to +-5% during manufacturing. the reason for the change in thickness of the envelope is because:

A、the management reserve has been used up.

B、the accuracy of the estimates in manufacturing are worse than the estimates in r &

C、tighter controls are always needed as a project begins to wind down.

D、of the personal desires of the project sponsor.

E、of none of the above

the lowest dollar amount 'at stake' is associated with the following phase of the project:

A、conceptual

B、execution

C、cut-over

D、post project evaluation

E、a and d only

the major disadvantage of a bar chart is:

A、lack of time-phasing.

B、cannot be related to calendar dates.

C、does not show activity interrelationships.

D、cannot be related to manpower planning.

E、cannot be related to cost estimates.

adding 5 people to a 4 person team increases the communication channels by a factor of:

A、2 times

B、3 times

C、4 times

D、5 times

E、6 times

methods and techniques used to examine cost and technical data are called feasibility studies. the economic aspects of a feasibility study include interest rates, present worth factors, operating costs, depreciation and （ ）.

A、capitalization costs.

B、technical skill requirements.

C、technology forecasting.

D、strategic marketing intelligence.

E、all of the above.

the japanese resource management model exhibits:

A、a cooperative spirit of goal setting.

B、non-specialized career paths

C、frequent changes in team assignments

D、a theory z style of management

E、all of the above.

management by objectives assumes that the team:

A、is receptive to an unstructured environment.

B、does not require close supervision.

C、possesses a self directed philosophy

D、identifies with project objectives.

E、all of the above.

communications is best described as:

A、an exchange of information.

B、providing written or oral directions.

C、consists of senders and receivers

D、effective listening.

E、all of the above

fixed price contracts place more risk on the:

A、owner

B、buyer

C、seller

D、contractor

E、c or d

life cycle costing is the total cost to the customer for the acquisition and ownership over its full life. life cycle costing categories include the cost of （ ）, （ ）, and （ ）.

A、r & d, maintainability, operation and support.

B、r & d, production, operation and support.

C、acquisition, operations, maintenance.

D、production, operations, maintenance.

E、none of the above